Technical losses are an inherent part of the electrical system and are influenced by several factors. The main causes include:

• Joule Heating (

  I2R

  Loss): This is the most significant cause of technical loss. As current (

  I

  ) flows through a conductor with a certain resistance (

  R

  ), a portion of the electrical energy is dissipated as heat. The amount of loss is proportional to the square of the current, making it a critical factor in system design. This is why power is transmitted at ultra-high voltages—to reduce the current and, consequently, minimize this type of loss.

• Corona Losses: At very high voltages, the electric field around the conductors can be strong enough to ionize the surrounding air, creating a faint glow and dissipating energy as sound, light, and heat. This is a form of power loss that is more prevalent in high-voltage transmission lines.

• Transformer Losses: Transformers, which are essential for stepping voltage up and down, have their own inherent losses. These include core losses (from hysteresis and eddy currents in the magnetic core) and copper losses (from the resistance of the windings).